Distribution of Toxic Metals in Biota, Sediments and Water from a Polluted Mangrove Swamp in Rivers State
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International,
Page 1-14
DOI:
10.9734/jgeesi/2022/v26i430343
Abstract
Concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As were investigated in the tissues of mudskippers (Periophthalmus papilio), water, and sediments from Isaka-Bundu mangrove swamp in the Upper reach of Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. The samples were collected from three stations every week for three months. The trace metals and physicochemical parameters were determined according to APHA 2000 methods. The concentration of trace metals by stations followed the order: station III (Dockyard) > station II (Bundu-Ama) > station I (Isaka). The trace metal distribution sequence in the fish, water and sediment according to their stations followed this sequence: Dockyard (Sediment = Pb > Cd > As; Water = Pb > Cd > As; Fish = Pb > As > Cd); Isaka (Sediment = Pb > Cd > As; Water = Pb > Cd > As; Fish = Pb > As > Cd); Bundu Ama (Sediment = Pb > Cd > As; Water = Pb > Cd > As; Fish = Pb = As > Cd). The overall, trace metal concentrations by samples followed this sequence; (Sediment = Pb > Cd > As; Water = Pb > Cd >As; and the mudskippers (P. papilio) = Pb > As > Cd) across the stations. The study revealed that all sampled sites in the Isaka-Bundu mangrove swamp had heavy metal values within Joint FEPA/WHO recommended biota load limits. High significant values of Pb and Cd were observed in sediment and water across the three stations, while tissue concentration of all three metals was relatively low and uniform. If proper measures are not taken to curb the excess discharges into the river given the activities in the catchment, the condition of the river will deteriorate badly and become a menace to its inhabitants and the host community which depends on it directly or indirectly.
Keywords:
- Metals
- mudskippers (Periophthalmus papilio)
- physico-chemical parameters
- water
- sediment
- public health
- Niger Delta
How to Cite
Davies, I. C., Odekina, U. M., & Akoko, S. (2022). Distribution of Toxic Metals in Biota, Sediments and Water from a Polluted Mangrove Swamp in Rivers State. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 26(4), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2022/v26i430343
References
Issa BR, Arimoro FO, Ibrahim M, Birma GJ, Fadairo EA. Assessment of sediment contamination by heavy metals in River Orogodo (Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria). Current World Environment. 2011;6(1):29.
Yao LW, Min XB, Hui XU, Yong KE, Wang, YY, Zhang LIN, He YY. Physicochemical and environmental properties of arsenic sulfide sludge from copper and lead-zinc smelter. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2020;30(7):1943-1955.
Adriano DC, Bolan NS, Koo BJ, Naidu R, Lelie, D., Vangronsveld J, Wenzel WW. Natural remediation processes: Bioavailability interactions in contaminated soils. In 17th WCSS Conference. 2002;14-21.
Eapen S, D'souza SF. Prospects of genetic engineering of plants for phytoremediation of toxic metals. Biotechnology advances. 2005;23(2):97-114.
Davies IC. Efekemo Oghenetekevwe. Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Distribution in Selected Shell Fishes along the Opuro-Ama Creek in Rivers State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 2022;17(1):15-26.
Islam MS, Hossain MB, Matin A, Sarker MSI. Assessment of heavy metal pollution, distribution, and source apportionment in the sediment from Feni River estuary, Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2018;20225-32.
Hossain MS, Zakaria CM, Kudrat-E-Zahan M. Metal complexes as potential antimicrobial agent: a review. American Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2018;4(1):1.
Xu S, Tao S. Coregionalization analysis of heavy metals in the surface soil of Inner Mongolia. Science of the total environment. 2004;320(1):73-87.
Francis A, Elewuo U. Aspects of the biology of trap caught Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede: 1803) from the New Calabar River, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 2012;4(6):99-104.
APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 18th ed. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), Washington, DC; 2000.
APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Ezeilo FE, Dune CK. Effect of Environmental Pollution on A Receiving Water Body: A Case Study of Amadi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;2(8):30-41.
Genç TO, Yılmaz F. Heavy metals content in water, sediment, and fish (Mugil cephalus) from Koycegiz lagoon system in Turkey: Approaches for assessing environmental and health risk. Journ. Agr. Sci. Teach. 2018;20:71-82.
Olanescul G, Gament E, Dumitru M. Fitoextracţia solurilor poluate Cu metal grele. Lucrări Ştinţifice Facultatea de Agricultură Bucureşti, seria A. 2007;359–368.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Fourth 565 editions. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication, Switzerland; 2011.
Odekina MU, Davies IC, Akoko S, Vincent-Akpu IF. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Periophthalmus papillio, Sediment and Interstitial Water from Isaka-Bundu Water Front in Rivers State. Academic Journal of Current Research. 2021;8(11):19-38.
Adesakin TA, Oyewale AT, Bayero U, Mohammed AN, Aduwo IA, Ahmed PZ, Barje IB. Assessment of bacteriological quality and physicochemical parameters of domestic water sources in Samaru community, Zaria, Northwest Nigeria. Heliyon. 2020;6(8):e04773.
Sikoki FD, Zabbey N. Aspects of Fisheries of the Middle Reaches of Imo River Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology. 2006;24(2):309-312.
Onojake MC, Sikoki FD, Omokheyeke O, Akpiri RU. Surface water characteristics and trace metals level of the Bonny/New Calabar River estuary, Niger delta, Nigeria. Applied Water Science. 2017;7(2): 951-959.
Davies IC. Okonkwo SE. Analyses of Some Heavy Metal and Nutrients of Water Samples from Ajegunle Creek in Lagos. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research. 2021;9;1:7-26
Kolawole FL, Akinwande BA, Ade-Omowaye BI. Physicochemical properties of novel cookies produced from orange-fleshed sweet potato cookies enriched with sclerotium of edible mushroom (Pleurotus tuberregium). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 2020;19(2):174-178.
Edokpayi CA, Osimen EC. Hydrobiological studies on Ibiekuma River at Ekpoma, southern Nigeria, after impoundment: the faunal characteristics. African journal of science and technology. 2001;2(1).
Asibor G, Edjere O, Ebighe D. Leachate characterization and assessment of surface and groundwater water qualities near municipal solid waste dumpsite at Okuvo, Delta State, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management. 2016;9(4):523-533.
Singare PU, Talpade MS, Dagli DV, Bhawe VG. Water pollution monitoring study of Bhavan’s College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai: Assessment of physicochemical parameters. Research & Development. 2012;2(3):79-84.
Atobatele OE, Morenikeji OA, Ugwumba OA. Spatial variation in physical and chemical parameters of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of River Ogunpa, Ibadan. The Zoologist. 2005;3:58-67.
Mezgebe K, Gebrekidan A, Hadera A, Weldegebriel Y. Assessment of physicochemical parameters of tsaeda agam river in mekelle city, tigray, Ethiopia. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. 2015;29(3):377-385.
Shaikh K, Gachal GS, Memon SQ, Ahmed N, Sodho MYS. Assessment of amphibian environment through Physico-chemical analysis in Pakistan; 2014.
Otobo AJT. The ecology and fishery of Pygmy Herring Sierratherissa leonesis (Thys van dan Audenaerde, 1969) (Clupeidae) in the Nun River and Taylor Creek of the Niger Delta. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt. 1995;221.
Akankali JA, Davies IC, Saro-Wiwa PB. (2020). Impact of Abattoir Waste on the Water Quality of Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta. Journals of Wetland and Waste Management. 2020;4(1):56-65.
Davies IC, Ekperusi AO. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment and Fishes of New Calabar River in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research. 2021;7(3):207-218. DOI: 10.17216/LimnoFish.816030
Longodor AL, Miresan V, Raducu C, Coroian A. Influence of the area and lactation on Physico-chemical parameters and the content of heavy metals in the donkey milk. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, LXI. 2018;1:127-131.
Zabbey N. Spatial and temporal variability in interstitial water quality of soft-bottom flats at Bodo creek, eastern lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology. 2012;21(1):83.
Akankali JA, Davies IC, Kpaniku N. Assessment of heavy metals concentrations in the upper reaches of Bonny River, Niger delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture Technology and Environment. 2019;8(1):62-73.
Onojake MC, Ukerun SO, Iwuoha G. A statistical approach for evaluation of the effects of industrial and municipal wastes on Warri Rivers, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water Quality, Exposure, and Health. 2011;3(2):91-99.
Okonkwo SE, Davies IC, Okere MC. Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Phytoplankton of a Polluted Tidal Creek in Ajegunle, Lagos. British Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2021;9(1):51-69.
FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency). National Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents and Water Quality Tests FEPA (Nigeria) Official Gazette, Nigeria; 1991.
Ezeilo FE, Dune CK. Effect of Environmental Pollution on A Receiving Water Body: A Case Study of Amadi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;2(8):30-41.
Onyema IC. The water Chemistry, phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), epistemic and periphytic algae of the Apese Lagoon, Lagos. Report and Opinion. 2009;1(5):31-40.
Magaji JY, Chup CD. (The effects of abattoir waste on water quality in Gwagwalada-Abuja, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental studies and management. 2012;5(4):542-549.
McLusky DS, Hull SC, Elliott M. Variations in the intertidal and subtidal macrofauna and sediments along a salinity gradient in the upper Forth Estuary. Netherland Journal of Aquatic Ecology. 1993;27(2):101-109.
El-Deek AA., El-Deen MS, Hamdy SM, Asar MA, Yakout HM, Attia YA. Effect of different dietary levels of NaCl and KCl on the performance of broiler chicks fed plant diets. Egypt Poult Sci. 29, 907-921.
EPA U. The United States Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Assurance Guidance Document-Model Quality Assurance Project Plan for the PM Ambient Air. 2001; 2.
Onojake MC, Sikoki FD, Babatunde BB, Akpiri RU, Akpuloma D, Omokheyeke O. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in two matrices of the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Ocean Science Journal. 2015;50(2):203-208.
Asonye CC, Okolie NP, Okenwa EE, Iwuanyanwu UG. Some physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal profiles of Nigerian rivers, streams, and waterways. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6(5):617.
Woodworth J, Pascoe D. Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: a study of eggs and alevins. Journal of Fish Biology. 1982;21(1):47-57.
Ogunwenmo CA, Kusemiju K. Annelids of a west African estuarine system. Journal of environmental biology. 2004;25(2):227-237.
Uwadiae RE, Edokpayi CA, Adegbite O, Abimbola O. Impact of sediment characteristics on the Macrobenthic invertebrates’ community of a perturbed tropical lagoon. Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 2009;15(3):441-448.
de Almeida Duarte LF, de Souza CA, Pereira CDS, Pinheiro MAA. Metal toxicity assessment by sentinel species of mangroves: In situ case study integrating chemical and biomarkers analyses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017;145:367-376.
Onuh PA, Omenma TJ, Onyishi CJ, Udeogu CU, Nkalu NC, Iwuoha VO. Artisanal refining of crude oil in the Niger Delta: A challenge to clean-up and remediation in Ogoniland. Local Economy. 2021;02690942211071075.
Osuji LC, Onojake CM. Field reconnaissance and estimation of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contents of soils affected by the Ebocha-8 oil spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of environmental management. 2006; 79(2):133-139.
Nguyen HL, Leermakers M, Osán J, Török S, Baeyens W. Heavy metals in Lake Balaton: water column, suspended matter, sediment, and biota. Science of the Total Environment. 2005;340(1-3):213-230.
Pyle GG, Rajotte JW, Couture P. Effects of industrial metals on wild fish populations along a metal contamination gradient. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2005;61(3):287-312.
Yusuf KA, Osibanjo O. Trace Metals in Water and Sediments from Ologe Lagoon, Southwestern. Biological Sciences-PJSIR. 2006;49(2):88-96.
Yao LW, Min XB, Hui XU, Yong KE, Wang, YY, Zhang LIN, He YY. Physicochemical and environmental properties of arsenic sulfide sludge from copper and lead-zinc smelter. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2020;30(7):1943-1955.
Adriano DC, Bolan NS, Koo BJ, Naidu R, Lelie, D., Vangronsveld J, Wenzel WW. Natural remediation processes: Bioavailability interactions in contaminated soils. In 17th WCSS Conference. 2002;14-21.
Eapen S, D'souza SF. Prospects of genetic engineering of plants for phytoremediation of toxic metals. Biotechnology advances. 2005;23(2):97-114.
Davies IC. Efekemo Oghenetekevwe. Physicochemical Parameters and Heavy Metals Distribution in Selected Shell Fishes along the Opuro-Ama Creek in Rivers State of Nigeria. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 2022;17(1):15-26.
Islam MS, Hossain MB, Matin A, Sarker MSI. Assessment of heavy metal pollution, distribution, and source apportionment in the sediment from Feni River estuary, Bangladesh. Chemosphere. 2018;20225-32.
Hossain MS, Zakaria CM, Kudrat-E-Zahan M. Metal complexes as potential antimicrobial agent: a review. American Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 2018;4(1):1.
Xu S, Tao S. Coregionalization analysis of heavy metals in the surface soil of Inner Mongolia. Science of the total environment. 2004;320(1):73-87.
Francis A, Elewuo U. Aspects of the biology of trap caught Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (Lacepede: 1803) from the New Calabar River, Nigeria. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture. 2012;4(6):99-104.
APHA. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 18th ed. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), Washington, DC; 2000.
APHA. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association; 2005.
Ezeilo FE, Dune CK. Effect of Environmental Pollution on A Receiving Water Body: A Case Study of Amadi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;2(8):30-41.
Genç TO, Yılmaz F. Heavy metals content in water, sediment, and fish (Mugil cephalus) from Koycegiz lagoon system in Turkey: Approaches for assessing environmental and health risk. Journ. Agr. Sci. Teach. 2018;20:71-82.
Olanescul G, Gament E, Dumitru M. Fitoextracţia solurilor poluate Cu metal grele. Lucrări Ştinţifice Facultatea de Agricultură Bucureşti, seria A. 2007;359–368.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, Fourth 565 editions. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication, Switzerland; 2011.
Odekina MU, Davies IC, Akoko S, Vincent-Akpu IF. Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Periophthalmus papillio, Sediment and Interstitial Water from Isaka-Bundu Water Front in Rivers State. Academic Journal of Current Research. 2021;8(11):19-38.
Adesakin TA, Oyewale AT, Bayero U, Mohammed AN, Aduwo IA, Ahmed PZ, Barje IB. Assessment of bacteriological quality and physicochemical parameters of domestic water sources in Samaru community, Zaria, Northwest Nigeria. Heliyon. 2020;6(8):e04773.
Sikoki FD, Zabbey N. Aspects of Fisheries of the Middle Reaches of Imo River Niger Delta, Nigeria. Environment and Ecology. 2006;24(2):309-312.
Onojake MC, Sikoki FD, Omokheyeke O, Akpiri RU. Surface water characteristics and trace metals level of the Bonny/New Calabar River estuary, Niger delta, Nigeria. Applied Water Science. 2017;7(2): 951-959.
Davies IC. Okonkwo SE. Analyses of Some Heavy Metal and Nutrients of Water Samples from Ajegunle Creek in Lagos. International Journal of Environment and Pollution Research. 2021;9;1:7-26
Kolawole FL, Akinwande BA, Ade-Omowaye BI. Physicochemical properties of novel cookies produced from orange-fleshed sweet potato cookies enriched with sclerotium of edible mushroom (Pleurotus tuberregium). Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 2020;19(2):174-178.
Edokpayi CA, Osimen EC. Hydrobiological studies on Ibiekuma River at Ekpoma, southern Nigeria, after impoundment: the faunal characteristics. African journal of science and technology. 2001;2(1).
Asibor G, Edjere O, Ebighe D. Leachate characterization and assessment of surface and groundwater water qualities near municipal solid waste dumpsite at Okuvo, Delta State, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management. 2016;9(4):523-533.
Singare PU, Talpade MS, Dagli DV, Bhawe VG. Water pollution monitoring study of Bhavan’s College Lake of Andheri, Mumbai: Assessment of physicochemical parameters. Research & Development. 2012;2(3):79-84.
Atobatele OE, Morenikeji OA, Ugwumba OA. Spatial variation in physical and chemical parameters of benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of River Ogunpa, Ibadan. The Zoologist. 2005;3:58-67.
Mezgebe K, Gebrekidan A, Hadera A, Weldegebriel Y. Assessment of physicochemical parameters of tsaeda agam river in mekelle city, tigray, Ethiopia. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia. 2015;29(3):377-385.
Shaikh K, Gachal GS, Memon SQ, Ahmed N, Sodho MYS. Assessment of amphibian environment through Physico-chemical analysis in Pakistan; 2014.
Otobo AJT. The ecology and fishery of Pygmy Herring Sierratherissa leonesis (Thys van dan Audenaerde, 1969) (Clupeidae) in the Nun River and Taylor Creek of the Niger Delta. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt. 1995;221.
Akankali JA, Davies IC, Saro-Wiwa PB. (2020). Impact of Abattoir Waste on the Water Quality of Okpoka Creek, Niger Delta. Journals of Wetland and Waste Management. 2020;4(1):56-65.
Davies IC, Ekperusi AO. Evaluation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediment and Fishes of New Calabar River in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Limnology and Freshwater Fisheries Research. 2021;7(3):207-218. DOI: 10.17216/LimnoFish.816030
Longodor AL, Miresan V, Raducu C, Coroian A. Influence of the area and lactation on Physico-chemical parameters and the content of heavy metals in the donkey milk. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science, LXI. 2018;1:127-131.
Zabbey N. Spatial and temporal variability in interstitial water quality of soft-bottom flats at Bodo creek, eastern lower Niger Delta, Nigeria. Tropical Freshwater Biology. 2012;21(1):83.
Akankali JA, Davies IC, Kpaniku N. Assessment of heavy metals concentrations in the upper reaches of Bonny River, Niger delta, Nigeria. African Journal of Agriculture Technology and Environment. 2019;8(1):62-73.
Onojake MC, Ukerun SO, Iwuoha G. A statistical approach for evaluation of the effects of industrial and municipal wastes on Warri Rivers, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water Quality, Exposure, and Health. 2011;3(2):91-99.
Okonkwo SE, Davies IC, Okere MC. Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Phytoplankton of a Polluted Tidal Creek in Ajegunle, Lagos. British Journal of Environmental Sciences. 2021;9(1):51-69.
FEPA (Federal Environmental Protection Agency). National Guidelines and Standards for Industrial Effluents and Water Quality Tests FEPA (Nigeria) Official Gazette, Nigeria; 1991.
Ezeilo FE, Dune CK. Effect of Environmental Pollution on A Receiving Water Body: A Case Study of Amadi Creek, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology. 2012;2(8):30-41.
Onyema IC. The water Chemistry, phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a), epistemic and periphytic algae of the Apese Lagoon, Lagos. Report and Opinion. 2009;1(5):31-40.
Magaji JY, Chup CD. (The effects of abattoir waste on water quality in Gwagwalada-Abuja, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental studies and management. 2012;5(4):542-549.
McLusky DS, Hull SC, Elliott M. Variations in the intertidal and subtidal macrofauna and sediments along a salinity gradient in the upper Forth Estuary. Netherland Journal of Aquatic Ecology. 1993;27(2):101-109.
El-Deek AA., El-Deen MS, Hamdy SM, Asar MA, Yakout HM, Attia YA. Effect of different dietary levels of NaCl and KCl on the performance of broiler chicks fed plant diets. Egypt Poult Sci. 29, 907-921.
EPA U. The United States Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Assurance Guidance Document-Model Quality Assurance Project Plan for the PM Ambient Air. 2001; 2.
Onojake MC, Sikoki FD, Babatunde BB, Akpiri RU, Akpuloma D, Omokheyeke O. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in two matrices of the Bonny/New Calabar River Estuary in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Ocean Science Journal. 2015;50(2):203-208.
Asonye CC, Okolie NP, Okenwa EE, Iwuanyanwu UG. Some physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal profiles of Nigerian rivers, streams, and waterways. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2007;6(5):617.
Woodworth J, Pascoe D. Cadmium toxicity to rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: a study of eggs and alevins. Journal of Fish Biology. 1982;21(1):47-57.
Ogunwenmo CA, Kusemiju K. Annelids of a west African estuarine system. Journal of environmental biology. 2004;25(2):227-237.
Uwadiae RE, Edokpayi CA, Adegbite O, Abimbola O. Impact of sediment characteristics on the Macrobenthic invertebrates’ community of a perturbed tropical lagoon. Ecol. Environ. Conserv. 2009;15(3):441-448.
de Almeida Duarte LF, de Souza CA, Pereira CDS, Pinheiro MAA. Metal toxicity assessment by sentinel species of mangroves: In situ case study integrating chemical and biomarkers analyses. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2017;145:367-376.
Onuh PA, Omenma TJ, Onyishi CJ, Udeogu CU, Nkalu NC, Iwuoha VO. Artisanal refining of crude oil in the Niger Delta: A challenge to clean-up and remediation in Ogoniland. Local Economy. 2021;02690942211071075.
Osuji LC, Onojake CM. Field reconnaissance and estimation of petroleum hydrocarbon and heavy metal contents of soils affected by the Ebocha-8 oil spillage in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of environmental management. 2006; 79(2):133-139.
Nguyen HL, Leermakers M, Osán J, Török S, Baeyens W. Heavy metals in Lake Balaton: water column, suspended matter, sediment, and biota. Science of the Total Environment. 2005;340(1-3):213-230.
Pyle GG, Rajotte JW, Couture P. Effects of industrial metals on wild fish populations along a metal contamination gradient. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2005;61(3):287-312.
Yusuf KA, Osibanjo O. Trace Metals in Water and Sediments from Ologe Lagoon, Southwestern. Biological Sciences-PJSIR. 2006;49(2):88-96.
-
Abstract View: 38 times
PDF Download: 16 times
Download Statistics
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
