Anthropogenic Impacts on Wetlands of Kerala, India: A Review of Literature
Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International,
Page 28-38
DOI:
10.9734/jgeesi/2022/v26i630355
Abstract
Kerala is blessed with numerous wetlands including rivers, streams, mangroves, backwaters, estuaries, canals, paddy fields, reservoirs, lakes and ponds. Wetlands are an integral part of the state and they endow man with numerous ecosystem services like purification of water, provision of food, flood protection, shoreline stabilization, support to biodiversity, recharge of underground water etc. At present wetlands are under threat as they are victims of population pressure, rapid urbanization and negligent land use pattern. Wetlands of Kerala have become polluted, fragmented and reclaimed for other purposes. If this trend continues, man is endangering not only humans but also other creatures on earth. Scientists and environmental conservationists realized the importance of wetlands and have studied the adverse effects of human activities on wetlands and have also suggested mitigation measures to conserve these fragile ecosystems. This paper is a review of published literature on the anthropogenic impacts on wetlands of Kerala and measures for their conservation.
Keywords:
- Human impacts
- reclamation
- conservation
- ecosystem
- rivers
- lakes and wetlands
How to Cite
Zainulabdeen, Y. P., & Nagaraj, H. (2022). Anthropogenic Impacts on Wetlands of Kerala, India: A Review of Literature. Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, 26(6), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2022/v26i630355
References
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SAC. National Wetland Atlas: Kerala. Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India. 2010;19-21.
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)
Available:https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN1214RIS.pdf
Gopalan UK, Vengayil DT, Udayavarma VP, Krishnankutty M. The shrinking backwaters of Kerala. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, Cochin. 1983;25(1):131-141.
Gopakumar R, Takara K. Analysis of bathymetry and spatial changes of Vembanad Lake and terrain characteristics of Vembanad Wetlands using GIS. IAHS Publication. 2009;331:402-411.
Krishnadas H. Assessment of Land Reclamation of Wetlands: A case of Vembanad Wetland, Kerala. International Conference on Urban and Regional Planning. 2014;1-18.
Mani K, Gopalan R, Suraj KD. Spatial Distribution of Non-Point Source Pollution of Vembanad Lake, Kerala, South India. . International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2013;2(11):787-793.
Vincy MV, Rajan B, Pradeep Kumar AP. Water quality assessment of a tropical wetland ecosystem with special reference to backwater tourism, Kerala, South India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 2012;1(5):62-68.
John TK. Muriyad wetlands: ecological changes and human consequences human consequences. [Project report]. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Research Programme on Local Development: Centre for Developmental Studies; 2003.
Raj PN, Azeez PA. Real estate and agricultural wetlands in Kerala. Economic and Political Weekly. 2009;63-66.
Assessed 23 July 2018
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40278461
Srinivasan J. Understanding the Kole lands in Kerala as a multiple use wetland ecosystem. Research Unit for Livelihoods and Natural Resources, Working Paper No. 5; 2010.
Assessed 12 February 2020
Available:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228854373
Vimod KK, Kishore A. Impact of Urban Sprawl on Land Use in Kole Wetlands of Thrissur; 2015.
Assessed 11 January 2018
Available:westernghats-aspn.osgeo.in
Jenin JS, Bhaskara K. Study on Kokkala canal water in Kole lands near Thrissur Corporation and its effects on paddy fields. International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education. 2017; 299-302.
Jayan PR, Sathyanathan N. Overview of farming practices in the water-logged areas of Kerala, India. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 2010;3(4):28-43.
Sreejith KA. Human impact on Kuttanad wetland ecosystem-an overview. International Journal of Science and Technology. 2013;2(4):679-670.
Sreekumari VM, John SE, Rajan RT, Kesavan M, Kurian S, Damodaran P. Human interventions and consequent environmental degradation of a protected freshwater lake in Kerala, SW India. Geosciences Journal. 2016;20(3):391-402.
Divya RS, Kani KM. Water quality assessment of Sasthamcotta lake, Kollam, Kerala. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 2018;7(3):119-129.
Dharmapalan B. Conserving the Vellayani Lake. Science Reporter. 2014;22-24.
Geethu G, Babu NS, Nair TV. Water quality assessment of Polachira wetland in Kerala. Journal of Advances in Biological Science. 2015;2(1&2):41-44.
Lakshmi TG, Tessy PP. Impact of poultry and aquaculture pollution on the water quality of Vallivattom wetland, Thrissur district, Kerala. Meridian. 2016;5(1):19– 21.
Thomas TT, Sony CD, Kuruvila EC. Rapid environmental impact assessment of eco-tourism in Pookote Lake, Wayanad. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2017;4(4): 3149-3154.
Kallarackal J. Impact of Converting Natural Vegetation into Plantations on the Watershed Hydrology of the Western Ghats of Kerala. Proc. Workshop on Watershed Development in Western Ghats Region, February. 2000;102-107.
Chattopadhyay S, Rani L A, Sangeetha PV. Water quality variations as linked to land use pattern: a case study in Chalakudy river basin, Kerala. Current Science. 2005;89(12):2163-2169.
Assessed 21 April 2022
Available:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24111081
Muraleedharan PK, Kallarackal J, Menon ARR, Balagopalan M, Sasidharan N, Rugmini P. Land use change and its impact on selected biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of Karuvannur river basin in Thrissur district of Kerala. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report No 298; 2007.
Jennerjahn TC, Soman K, Ittekkot V, Nordhaus I, Sooraj S, Priya RS, et al. Effect of land use on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nutrients and suspended and sedimentary organic matter in the tropical Kallada River and Ashtamudi estuary, Kerala, India. Biogeochemistry. 2008; 90(1):29-47.
DOI: 10.1007/s 10533-008-9228-1
Assessed 23 March 2018
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40343615
Arun Raj N, Vasudeo AD. Salinity Intrusion of Valapattanam River, Kerala. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. 2015;4(11): 710-713.
Rajan DS, Keerthitha T. Seasonal Variations of certain physico-chemical parameters in the Valapattanam River of Kannur district, Kerala. Journal of Indian Association for Environmental Management. 2021;41(2):29-35.
Harikumar S. Wetlands of Kerala: Degradation, Restoration and Future Management-A Case Study of Kavvayi wetlands- a coastal wetland in the northern Kerala. Proceedings of Lake: 2016: Conference on conservation and sustainable management of ecologically sensitive regions in Western Ghats. 2016; 250-253.
Assessed 21 March 2018
Available http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
Khalid NK, Devadasan D, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Screening and quantification of emerging contaminants in Periyar River, Kerala (India) by using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF-MS). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2018;190(6):1-12.
Assessed 19 April 2022
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6745-9
Mohan U, Krishnakumar A. Geochemical aspects and contamination evaluation of major and trace elements in the sediments of Kallada river, southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A; 2022.
DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2053450
Assessed 17 April 2022
Available:https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesa20
Sonu TS, Mohammed FC, Bhagyanathan A. The impact of upstream land use land cover change on downstream flooding: A case of Kuttanad and Meenachil River Basin, Kerala, India. Urban Climate. 2022; 41:1-24.
Assessed 19 April 2022
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101089
Saha A, Paul TT, Sudheesan D, Sharma SK, Suresh VR, Das BK, et al. Assessment of spatial and temporal changes in water quality of a tropical river in southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, using physicochemical quality indices and multivariate analysis. Natural Resources Research. 2022;1-27.
Assessed 17 April 2022
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-022-10040-z
Nair NB, Azis PA. Ecology of the Ashtamudi Estuary, southwest coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. Cochin. 1987;29(1): 177-194.
Ambika Devi M. Ecological studies on coconut husk retting areas in the Cochin backwaters and its relation to fish seed availability. Dissertation submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology; 1988.
Bijoy NS. Retting of coconut husk ‐ a unique case of water pollution on the south west coast of India. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 1997;52(1-4):335-355.
DOI: 10.1080/00207239708711110
Kumary KA, Azis PA, Natarajan P. Water quality of the Adimalathura Estuary, southwest coast of India. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India. 2007;49(1): 1-6.
Jayachandran PR, Bijoy NS, Sreedevi OK. Water quality variation and nutrient characteristics of Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary, Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences. 2012;41(2):180-187.
John SE, Rajimol TR, Mohan SV, Maya K, Padmalal D. Environmental degradation of a tropical estuary due to human interferences—a case study from southern Kerala, SW India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2017;10(16):1-15.
Premodh N, Srinivasan C. Impact of houseboat tourism–A study on Alappuzha Region, Kerala. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021;25(6):7475-7489.
Khaleel KM, Jaleel CA. Environmental challenges to the mangrove wetlands of north Malabar (Kerala), India: their sustainable development and influence on local people. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 2009;392(03):1-8. DOI: 10.1051/kmae/2009009
Sheela FK. Identification of mangroves and mangrove associates of Thrissur district, Kerala, their adaptive biology, germination study and nutritive value. [Minor Research Project]. UGC; 2013.
Vidyasagaran K, Madhusoodanan VK. Distribution and plant diversity of mangroves in the west coast of Kerala, India. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 2014;4:38-45.
Sreelekshmi S, Preethy CM, Varghese R, Joseph P, Asha CV, Nandan SB, et al. Diversity, stand structure, and zonation pattern of mangroves in southwest coast of India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2018;11(4):573-582.
Surya S, Hari N. Diversity analysis and present status of Mangroves from Kerala, West coast of India. International Journal of Advanced and Innovative Research. 2018;7(6):1-15.
Chandran S, Prakash L, Geetha P, Raj A. (2014). Estimation of mangrove vegetation density in Ernakulum district of Kerala. 15th Esri India User Conference; 2014. Available:www.esri.in
Vaheeda KK, Simon TK. Aquatic and semi aquatic macrophytic flora of brackish waters of Kodungallur, Thrissur District, Kerala. Annals of Plant Sciences. 2014; 3(06):748-751.
Sneha TG. Mapping and monitoring of Nettoor mangroves. [Project report]. Dept. Of Environmental Science, Sacred Heart College, Centre for Environmental Studies; 2020.
Hamno A, Petterson A. Impact of Major Waterway Systems on Groundwater Quality. [Master’s Thesis] TRITA-LWR, Stockholm; 2005.
John J, Rosamma CN, Thampi SG. Assessment and Prediction of Soil Erosion and its Impact on the Storage Capacity of Reservoirs in the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. 2022;27(1):77-103.
Kokkal K, Harinarayanan P, Sahu KK. Wetlands of Kerala. In Proceeding of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. 2008;1889-1893
Jayadev SK. The status of wetlands in Kollam district. [PhD Thesis]. University of Kerala; 2012.
Dipson PT. Spatio-temporal changes in the wetland ecosystem of Cochin city using remote sensing and GIS. [PhD Thesis]. Cochin University of Science and Technology; 2012.
Assessed 24 July 2018
Available:http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/purl/3750
Suraj R, Neelakantan R. Detection of land use pattern changes and management priorities for Thrissur district, Kerala, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience. 2013;2(1):22-29.
Prasanth KM, Thomas T P. Soil and water quality as influenced by land use in Koratty, Kerala. [PhD Thesis]. Cochin University of Technology; 2016.
Bindu CA, Mohamed AR. Water bodies as a catalyst to growth and development- the case study of Kodungallur town, Kerala. Procedia Technology. 2016;24:1790-1800.
SAC. National Wetland Atlas: Kerala. Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India. 2010;19-21.
Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)
Available:https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IN1214RIS.pdf
Gopalan UK, Vengayil DT, Udayavarma VP, Krishnankutty M. The shrinking backwaters of Kerala. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, Cochin. 1983;25(1):131-141.
Gopakumar R, Takara K. Analysis of bathymetry and spatial changes of Vembanad Lake and terrain characteristics of Vembanad Wetlands using GIS. IAHS Publication. 2009;331:402-411.
Krishnadas H. Assessment of Land Reclamation of Wetlands: A case of Vembanad Wetland, Kerala. International Conference on Urban and Regional Planning. 2014;1-18.
Mani K, Gopalan R, Suraj KD. Spatial Distribution of Non-Point Source Pollution of Vembanad Lake, Kerala, South India. . International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2013;2(11):787-793.
Vincy MV, Rajan B, Pradeep Kumar AP. Water quality assessment of a tropical wetland ecosystem with special reference to backwater tourism, Kerala, South India. International Research Journal of Environment Sciences. 2012;1(5):62-68.
John TK. Muriyad wetlands: ecological changes and human consequences human consequences. [Project report]. Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Research Programme on Local Development: Centre for Developmental Studies; 2003.
Raj PN, Azeez PA. Real estate and agricultural wetlands in Kerala. Economic and Political Weekly. 2009;63-66.
Assessed 23 July 2018
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40278461
Srinivasan J. Understanding the Kole lands in Kerala as a multiple use wetland ecosystem. Research Unit for Livelihoods and Natural Resources, Working Paper No. 5; 2010.
Assessed 12 February 2020
Available:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228854373
Vimod KK, Kishore A. Impact of Urban Sprawl on Land Use in Kole Wetlands of Thrissur; 2015.
Assessed 11 January 2018
Available:westernghats-aspn.osgeo.in
Jenin JS, Bhaskara K. Study on Kokkala canal water in Kole lands near Thrissur Corporation and its effects on paddy fields. International Journal of Engineering Research and Modern Education. 2017; 299-302.
Jayan PR, Sathyanathan N. Overview of farming practices in the water-logged areas of Kerala, India. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 2010;3(4):28-43.
Sreejith KA. Human impact on Kuttanad wetland ecosystem-an overview. International Journal of Science and Technology. 2013;2(4):679-670.
Sreekumari VM, John SE, Rajan RT, Kesavan M, Kurian S, Damodaran P. Human interventions and consequent environmental degradation of a protected freshwater lake in Kerala, SW India. Geosciences Journal. 2016;20(3):391-402.
Divya RS, Kani KM. Water quality assessment of Sasthamcotta lake, Kollam, Kerala. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 2018;7(3):119-129.
Dharmapalan B. Conserving the Vellayani Lake. Science Reporter. 2014;22-24.
Geethu G, Babu NS, Nair TV. Water quality assessment of Polachira wetland in Kerala. Journal of Advances in Biological Science. 2015;2(1&2):41-44.
Lakshmi TG, Tessy PP. Impact of poultry and aquaculture pollution on the water quality of Vallivattom wetland, Thrissur district, Kerala. Meridian. 2016;5(1):19– 21.
Thomas TT, Sony CD, Kuruvila EC. Rapid environmental impact assessment of eco-tourism in Pookote Lake, Wayanad. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2017;4(4): 3149-3154.
Kallarackal J. Impact of Converting Natural Vegetation into Plantations on the Watershed Hydrology of the Western Ghats of Kerala. Proc. Workshop on Watershed Development in Western Ghats Region, February. 2000;102-107.
Chattopadhyay S, Rani L A, Sangeetha PV. Water quality variations as linked to land use pattern: a case study in Chalakudy river basin, Kerala. Current Science. 2005;89(12):2163-2169.
Assessed 21 April 2022
Available:https://www.jstor.org/stable/24111081
Muraleedharan PK, Kallarackal J, Menon ARR, Balagopalan M, Sasidharan N, Rugmini P. Land use change and its impact on selected biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of Karuvannur river basin in Thrissur district of Kerala. Kerala Forest Research Institute Research Report No 298; 2007.
Jennerjahn TC, Soman K, Ittekkot V, Nordhaus I, Sooraj S, Priya RS, et al. Effect of land use on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nutrients and suspended and sedimentary organic matter in the tropical Kallada River and Ashtamudi estuary, Kerala, India. Biogeochemistry. 2008; 90(1):29-47.
DOI: 10.1007/s 10533-008-9228-1
Assessed 23 March 2018
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40343615
Arun Raj N, Vasudeo AD. Salinity Intrusion of Valapattanam River, Kerala. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology. 2015;4(11): 710-713.
Rajan DS, Keerthitha T. Seasonal Variations of certain physico-chemical parameters in the Valapattanam River of Kannur district, Kerala. Journal of Indian Association for Environmental Management. 2021;41(2):29-35.
Harikumar S. Wetlands of Kerala: Degradation, Restoration and Future Management-A Case Study of Kavvayi wetlands- a coastal wetland in the northern Kerala. Proceedings of Lake: 2016: Conference on conservation and sustainable management of ecologically sensitive regions in Western Ghats. 2016; 250-253.
Assessed 21 March 2018
Available http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
Khalid NK, Devadasan D, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Screening and quantification of emerging contaminants in Periyar River, Kerala (India) by using high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Q-ToF-MS). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2018;190(6):1-12.
Assessed 19 April 2022
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6745-9
Mohan U, Krishnakumar A. Geochemical aspects and contamination evaluation of major and trace elements in the sediments of Kallada river, southern Western Ghats, India. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A; 2022.
DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2022.2053450
Assessed 17 April 2022
Available:https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/lesa20
Sonu TS, Mohammed FC, Bhagyanathan A. The impact of upstream land use land cover change on downstream flooding: A case of Kuttanad and Meenachil River Basin, Kerala, India. Urban Climate. 2022; 41:1-24.
Assessed 19 April 2022
Available:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101089
Saha A, Paul TT, Sudheesan D, Sharma SK, Suresh VR, Das BK, et al. Assessment of spatial and temporal changes in water quality of a tropical river in southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India, using physicochemical quality indices and multivariate analysis. Natural Resources Research. 2022;1-27.
Assessed 17 April 2022
Available:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-022-10040-z
Nair NB, Azis PA. Ecology of the Ashtamudi Estuary, southwest coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India. Cochin. 1987;29(1): 177-194.
Ambika Devi M. Ecological studies on coconut husk retting areas in the Cochin backwaters and its relation to fish seed availability. Dissertation submitted to Cochin University of Science and Technology; 1988.
Bijoy NS. Retting of coconut husk ‐ a unique case of water pollution on the south west coast of India. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 1997;52(1-4):335-355.
DOI: 10.1080/00207239708711110
Kumary KA, Azis PA, Natarajan P. Water quality of the Adimalathura Estuary, southwest coast of India. Journal of Marine Biological Association of India. 2007;49(1): 1-6.
Jayachandran PR, Bijoy NS, Sreedevi OK. Water quality variation and nutrient characteristics of Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary, Kerala, India. Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences. 2012;41(2):180-187.
John SE, Rajimol TR, Mohan SV, Maya K, Padmalal D. Environmental degradation of a tropical estuary due to human interferences—a case study from southern Kerala, SW India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 2017;10(16):1-15.
Premodh N, Srinivasan C. Impact of houseboat tourism–A study on Alappuzha Region, Kerala. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. 2021;25(6):7475-7489.
Khaleel KM, Jaleel CA. Environmental challenges to the mangrove wetlands of north Malabar (Kerala), India: their sustainable development and influence on local people. Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 2009;392(03):1-8. DOI: 10.1051/kmae/2009009
Sheela FK. Identification of mangroves and mangrove associates of Thrissur district, Kerala, their adaptive biology, germination study and nutritive value. [Minor Research Project]. UGC; 2013.
Vidyasagaran K, Madhusoodanan VK. Distribution and plant diversity of mangroves in the west coast of Kerala, India. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences. 2014;4:38-45.
Sreelekshmi S, Preethy CM, Varghese R, Joseph P, Asha CV, Nandan SB, et al. Diversity, stand structure, and zonation pattern of mangroves in southwest coast of India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 2018;11(4):573-582.
Surya S, Hari N. Diversity analysis and present status of Mangroves from Kerala, West coast of India. International Journal of Advanced and Innovative Research. 2018;7(6):1-15.
Chandran S, Prakash L, Geetha P, Raj A. (2014). Estimation of mangrove vegetation density in Ernakulum district of Kerala. 15th Esri India User Conference; 2014. Available:www.esri.in
Vaheeda KK, Simon TK. Aquatic and semi aquatic macrophytic flora of brackish waters of Kodungallur, Thrissur District, Kerala. Annals of Plant Sciences. 2014; 3(06):748-751.
Sneha TG. Mapping and monitoring of Nettoor mangroves. [Project report]. Dept. Of Environmental Science, Sacred Heart College, Centre for Environmental Studies; 2020.
Hamno A, Petterson A. Impact of Major Waterway Systems on Groundwater Quality. [Master’s Thesis] TRITA-LWR, Stockholm; 2005.
John J, Rosamma CN, Thampi SG. Assessment and Prediction of Soil Erosion and its Impact on the Storage Capacity of Reservoirs in the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India. Environmental Modeling & Assessment. 2022;27(1):77-103.
Kokkal K, Harinarayanan P, Sahu KK. Wetlands of Kerala. In Proceeding of Taal 2007: The 12th World Lake Conference. 2008;1889-1893
Jayadev SK. The status of wetlands in Kollam district. [PhD Thesis]. University of Kerala; 2012.
Dipson PT. Spatio-temporal changes in the wetland ecosystem of Cochin city using remote sensing and GIS. [PhD Thesis]. Cochin University of Science and Technology; 2012.
Assessed 24 July 2018
Available:http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/purl/3750
Suraj R, Neelakantan R. Detection of land use pattern changes and management priorities for Thrissur district, Kerala, India. International Journal of Remote Sensing & Geoscience. 2013;2(1):22-29.
Prasanth KM, Thomas T P. Soil and water quality as influenced by land use in Koratty, Kerala. [PhD Thesis]. Cochin University of Technology; 2016.
Bindu CA, Mohamed AR. Water bodies as a catalyst to growth and development- the case study of Kodungallur town, Kerala. Procedia Technology. 2016;24:1790-1800.
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