Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International

Aim: To investigate outdoor recreational potentials and constraints in relation to forestry in five recreational sites within Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria.

Study design: The survey was purposively conducted in five (5) locations based on recreational potentials associated with forests and other green environments.

Place and Duration of Study: Bower’s Tower; UI Zoological Gardens; Polo Club; Trans Amusement Park and Agodi Gardens between January and February, 2019.

Methodology: Total enumeration of visitors who patronized the recreation sites during the course of the study was carried out. Structured questionnaires focused on demographic and perception of visitors on benefits and problems of the green recreational centres were sought. In all, 160 respondents were interviewed. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square to test for association between the demographic factors of respondents and their perceptions towards the benefits of green areas.

Results: Most of the visitors were within 21- 40 years (57.5%) old; males (61.2%), unmarried/singles (48.8%) while 89.7% had a tertiary education. Recreational visitors spend between N500:00 and N2000:00 averagely per visit and were acquainted with environmental amelioration benefits such as shade, air purification and watershed protection. Visitors identified poor awareness as a major hindrance towards proper management of the centres. Age, marital status and academic qualifications had significant influence on how respondents spend their leisure using chi-square test at p = 0.01. Age (21–40years) is positively associated with outdoor recreation activities.

Conclusion: Tourists in Ibadan are aware of multiple benefits associated with green space recreation. Also visitors of all ages and marital status visit green spaces for recreational activities.  It is recommended that efforts should be made by owner agencies to improve recreational facilities in the existing urban green areas such as tree planting for improved landscape and engage trained professionals for improved management.

Political, financial and operational supports given to these small states to the separatist freedom movement (OPM) has been done in a spirit of togetherness among the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG). This international organization based on identity of Melanesian brotherhood which formed in 1986 by 4 small states in the Pacific  Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon and Vanuatu, also by Kanak  National Liberation Front from New Caledonia. This organization was keen enough to promote the freedom movement of OPM to achieve independence Papua, that was why Indonesia tried to achieve the membership of Melanesian Spearhead Groups (MSG), because Indonesia has a strong argument that as an island country, it has 11 million Melanesian decendants on its scattered island as Papua, Mallocca, Buton, Southeast Nusa) characterized by their hair type, skin color, body figures and have similarities to the Melanesian in the south pacific.

The emergence of political maneuver that continue to attack sovereignty of the Indonesian government against Papua, raising a view of a need to have a grand strategy to enhance more understanding and gaining supports from the small island states regarding the free movement for Papua, especially in the UN forum through public diplomacy in the perspective of communication among nations.

Two dimensional spectral analyses of high resolution aeromagnetic data was carried out over matsina and environs North Eastern Nigeria to determine hydrocarbon and groundwater potentials. The analysis was done using Oasis Montaj version 8.2. The result obtained indicates the existence of two source depths. The shallower magnetic sources varies between 0.35 to 0.55 m and deeper magnetic sources also varies between 0.6 to 2000 m. The shallower magnetic sources could be as a result of basic intrusive within the Borno Basin, while the deeper sources correspond to the basement topography underlying the Chad formation. Comparing the result with what was obtained in Gubio, Maiduguri sub basin, it is apparent that the sedimentary thickness over Matsina and and Environs cannot be a potential site for oil exploration rather for ground water exploration.

Aim: Employ the use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze areas of groundwater potentials in Keffi LGA to meet the rate of water demand.

Study Design:  The study is designed to delineate and analyze the drainage characteristics, and map out the groundwater potential zones.

Place and Duration of Study: The study is conducted in Keffi LGA of Nassarawa State, Nigeria in 2018.

Methodology: Both spatial and non-spatial data were utilized for this research, including Ground Control Points, satellite imageries, and maps. The data generated consisting of the rainfall, NDVI, lineament, geology, slope, and relief were prepared into thematic layers and used for the generation of the drainage morphometric parameters and multi-criteria overlay analysis. Each of the layer used has inputs were ranked based on their relative importance in controlling groundwater potential, and divided into classes using the hydro-geological properties. The groundwater potential analysis reveals four distinct zones representing high, moderate, less and least groundwater potential zones. The delineated groundwater potential map was verified using the available Ground Control Point of boreholes across the study area.

Results: The drainage of the study area falls in the 4^th order, with the drainage density ranging from 0.2 to 1.6. From the groundwater potential map generated using the rainfall, lineament, geology, drainage density, slope, soil, and NDVI attributes, areas categorized having the moderate groundwater potentials cover about 89.1 km², while the least cover 0.1 km² of the study area.  Validating the result with borehole locations across the location shows that the boreholes are dug based on the availability of water following the groundwater potentials, and; 59.8% of the settlement area falls within the moderate groundwater potential classes.

Conclusion: The area has adequate capacity for water supply, and only those within the high groundwater potential classes can access groundwater throughout the year.

Some part of the Southern Benue Trough (Afikpo and Anambra Basins) has been mapped to determine the areas of occurrence of industrial minerals and to determine their lateral extent. The result shows that Southern Benue Trough is enriched with mostly industrial minerals of sedimentary and magmatic origin. The magmatism that occurred in the study area and its evolutionary processes led to mineralization of the study area. Interaction of the magma with host rocks gave rise to mineral genesis. The contamination and assimilation processes that occurred in the magmatic stage resulted to enrichment of minerals in the study area. The contact relationship of the magma with the host rock created a contact aureole though the resultant minerals (metamorphic minerals) of the contact aureole are not significant and exposed. The repetitive transgressive-regressive sedimentary cycle that occurred in the Southern Benue Trough probably resulted to the massive deposition of industrial minerals of sedimentary origin. The dominant and significant industrial minerals in Afikpo and Anambra Basins are sandstones (ferruginized sandstone, calcareous sandstones and carbonaceous sandstones), clay mineral (kaolinite), pebbles, igneous rocks of diverse levels of emplacement (intrusive/ extrusive), olivine , hematite, Feldspar, mica and quartz.